History Of Cancer Treatment & Research
Although the word cancer was not used, the oldest description of the disease is of Egypt and dates back about 3000 B.C. The Edwin Smith Papyrus and a copy of the part of an ancient Egyptian textbook on trauma surgery. Describes 8 cases of tumors or ulcers of the breast that were treated by Cauterization with a tool called the fire drill. The description says that there is no treatment for the condition.
Origin of the word "Cancer"
The disease was first called cancer doctor Greek Hippocrates (460-370 BC). It is considered the "father of the remedy." Hippocrates used the carcinos and carcinoma of the terms to describe tumors of formation and ulcera-formacion of the dyspepsia. In Greek it means an angle of drift. The description was names after the angle of drift because finger - like projections extending from a cancer called to import dimension a variable of an angle of drift.
The Roman rear, Celsus (28-50 BC) physician translated the Greek term into cancer, the Latin word for angle of drift. Galen (130-200 ad), was another Roman physician, who used the term (Greek for swelling) oncos to describe tumours. Oncos is the root word for the Oncology or study of cancers.
Between the 15th and the 18th centuries
At the beginning of the 15th century scientists developed the greater understanding of the workings of the human body and disease processes.
Autopsies, made by Harvey (1628), led to an understanding of the circulation of the blood through the heart and the body.
John Morgagni of Padua in 1761 regularized autopsies to find the cause of disease. This rested the seat for the study of cancer also.
It was the Scotsman John Hunter of the surgeon (1728-1793) who suggested that some cancers may be cured by surgery. It was almost a century later that the development of anesthesia prompted regular surgery for "moving" cancer that had not spread to other organs.
The 19th century
Rudolf Virchow, often called the founder of Cellular Pathology, founded the basis for the pathological study of cancers under the microscope. Virchow correlated pathology microscopic disease.
He also developed the study of tissues that were taken after surgery. The pathologist could also inform the surgeon if the operation had completely removed the cancer.
History of the causes of cancer
There have been numerous theories of the causes of cancer in ages. For example, the ancient Egyptians blamed gods by cancers.
Hippocrates believed that the body had 4 body fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. He suggested that an imbalance of these humors with an excess of black bile in various sites of the body could cause cancer. This was the humoral theory.
After the humoral theory came the theory of lymph. Stahl and Hoffman theorized that cancer was composed of fermentation and lymph of degeneration, varying in density, acidity and alkalinity. John Hunter, Scottish surgeon from the 1700s, States agree that tumors grow constant releases of blood lymph.
Zacutus Lusitani (1575-1642) and Nicholas Tulp (1593-1674), doctors in the Netherlands, concluded that the cancer was contagious. In the 17th and the 18th centuries, some believed that cancer was contagious.
Was it 1838 the German pathologist John Muller showed that cancer is composed of cells rather than lymph. Muller proposed for cancer cells to become elements of flowering (blastema) between normal tissues.
Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902), suggested that all cells, including cancer cells, are derived from other cells. He proposed the chronic irritation theory. He believed that cancer to spread like a liquid. In the 1860s, the surgeon German, Karl Thiersch, showed that cancers metastasize with spread of malignant cells and not through a liquid.
History of research and detection of cancer
Research for early detection cancer aid. The first to be widely used for cancer screening test was the examination of smears. It was developed by George Papanicolaou as a method of research in the understanding of the menstrual cycle. He then noted that the test could help find cervical cancer early and presented its conclusion in 1923.
It was then that the American Cancer Society (ACS) ascended the test during the early 1960s and became widely used as a screening tool.
Modern methods of mammography were later developed in the 1960s and first recommended officially for breast cancer research by the ACS in 1976.
Revealed the cancer surgery
It was very early in the history of knowledge of cancers that the surgery was considered a modality of the treatment of cancers. The Roman Celsus doctor had noted that despite surgery cancer seems to become. Galen wrote about techniques of surgery for cancers. The surgery was then very primitive with many complications, including low blood. Surgery for cancers prospered in the 19th and early 20 centuries after the advancement of anesthesia.
Bilroth in Germany, Handley in London, and Halsted in Baltimore are the pioneers of the cancer surgery. Guillermo Stewart Halsted, Professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins University, developed the radical mastectomy during the last decade of the 19th century for breast cancers. His work was based on W. Sampson Handley.
Stephen Paget, English surgeon during this time found that cancers spread via blood circulation. This understanding of metastasis became a key element in the recognition of patients who could and could not benefit from cancer surgery.
X-ray radiotherapy
In 1896 a German Professor of physics, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, discovered and presented the properties of X rays. It was within the next few months that X rays were used for diagnosis and in the next 3 years it was used in the treatment of cancers. Radiotherapy began with radio and diagnostic machines with relatively low voltage.
Development of chemotherapy
It was seen that during World War II, soldados soldiers exposed to mustard gas during the Suppression of developed toxic marrow of military action. Soon a nitrogen mustard chemical similar was found to work against a cancer of the lymph nodes called lymphoma. This seat rested for several new drugs that could be used against cancers.
Development of hormone therapy
In the 19th century, Thomas Beatson discovered that the breasts of rabbits stopped producing milk after that he removed the ovaries. He tried the removal of the ovaries (called oophorectomy) in advanced breast cancer. This was discovered before the hormone itself was discovered. His work provided a seat for the modern use of the hormone therapy, such as tamoxifen and the aromatase inhibitors, to treat or prevent breast cancer.
Development of immunotherapy
With the understanding of the biology of cancer cells, several biological agents have been developed in the treatment of cancers. These are called biologic therapy of the modifier (BRM) reaction. Notable among these is the monoclonal antibodies.
The first antibody monoclonal, rituximab (Rituxan) and trastuzumab (Herceptin) therapeutic were approved during the late 1990s to treat lymphoma and breast cancer respectively. Scientists are also studying vaccines that strengthen the immune response of the body to the cancer cells.
The rear part of the 20th century also saw the development of therapies targeted as inhibitors of factor of increase as trastuzumab (Herceptin), gefitinib (Iressa), imatinib (Gleevec) and cetuximab (Erbitux). Another targeted approach is drugs anti of the formation of the glass of the ngiogenesis or the anti-blood as bevacizumab (Avastin).
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